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5. What signifcant changes of urine samples did you observed after dilution and adulteration?

 

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After dilution and adulteration of urine samples, several significant changes can be observed. These changes can impact the physical, chemical, and visual properties of the urine samples. Here are some potential changes that can occur:

1. Color: Dilution of urine samples may result in a lighter or more transparent color, while adulteration can cause discoloration. For instance, adding substances like bleach or oxidizing agents can bleach the color of urine, making it appear abnormally clear or pale yellow.

2. Odor: Dilution may weaken the characteristic odor of urine, making it less pungent. Adulteration with substances like vinegar or lemon juice can alter the smell, resulting in a distinct or unusual odor.

3. Specific gravity: Dilution of urine can lead to a decrease in specific gravity. Specific gravity is a measure of urine concentration, and diluted samples will have a lower specific gravity compared to normal urine.

4. pH level: Adulteration with certain substances can alter the pH level of urine. Adding acidic substances like vinegar can lower the pH level, while adding alkaline substances like baking soda can increase it.

5. Creatinine level: Dilution of urine samples will lead to a decrease in creatinine levels. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles, and dilution can result in a lower concentration of creatinine.

6. Temperature: Dilution or adulteration of urine samples can affect the temperature. Substances like ice or heating pads may be used to manipulate the temperature for cheating purposes.

It's important to note that dilution and adulteration of urine samples are typically done to subvert drug tests or mask the presence of substances in the urine. However, many drug testing protocols have measures in place to detect such manipulations.